|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
 |
 |
 |
Technical terminology in the Kazakh language
The problem of development and implementation of Kazakh in the Kazakh SSR was largely determined by the political system of the Soviet Union. In 1920, after the formation in Orenburg of the Kirghiz (Kazakh) Autonomous Socialist Republic, in 1921 the first steps were taken towards supporting the Kazakh language, and the Language Decree was adopted. These measures, however, were not pursued to their logical conclusion. In 1932 an order was issued that records be translated into Kazakh. The issue of translating records into Kazakh was raised again in 1941, but due to the beginning of the Great Patriotic War the project was never completed.
In 1957 the Kazakhstan Cabinet of Ministers adopted a special resolution that records be kept in Kazakh, but in 1950–1960 everyone had ears only for Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, who stated that the more quickly we transitioned to Russian, the more quickly we would achieve communism. With each passing year, Kazakh's sphere of application diminished. What was occurring with Kazakh right up until 1991 has been discussed in our previous articles (link to the article "Several Issues of Terminology").
Development of technical terminology in Kazakhstan
Regarding the issue of terminology, our great enlightener Akhmet Baitursynov said: "Our nation, having only just tasted the fruit of culture, thinking that its language lacks sufficient words and adopting individual words from the languages of cultured nations, replacing the words of its native tongue and of a foreign language, does not notice its own language slipping away. Hence, in translating the literature and scientific books of cultured nations into Kazakh, we must not take ready-made thematic words: we must find words in our native language. Then the language of our literature will be pure."
In 1920–1930 the word "term" sometimes referred to such words as "šetel sözderí" (шетел сөздері, "foreign languages"), "pän sözderí" (пән сөздері, "thematic words"), "žat sözder" (жат сөздер, "words of foreign origin", or "terms".
The first Kazakh dictionaries include the Concise Russian–Kazakh (Kirghiz) Dictionary (Orysša qazaqša (qyrgyzša) sözdik, Орысша-қазақша (қырғызша) қысқаша сөздік), released in Orenburg in 1906, the dictionary edited by E. Omarov, Fizika pän sözderí (Физика пән сөздері), likewise published in Orenburg in 1923, and the dictionary edited by K. Kemengerov, Qazaqš-orysša tílmaš (Қазақша-орысша тілмаш, Kazakh-Russian Dictionary), published in 1925 in Moscow. In 1926 the Qazaqš-orysša äskerlík ataulary (Орысша-қазақша әскерлік атаулары) was published in Kyzylorda. Likewise released was the dictionary edited by N. Karatyshkanov, Pän sözderí (Пән сөздері), published in 1927 in Kyzylorda. Aside from these, in 1931 the Ataular sözdígí (Атаулар сөздігі) was also published. Around the same time, in 1931 and 1935, the Terminologijalyq sözdíq (Терминологиялық сөздік, Terminological Dictionary) was released, and in 1935 the Qazaq tílíníń terminderí (Қазақ тілінің терминдері, Kazakh Terminology) was published, printed in Kyzylorda.
In all, between 1940 and 1990 over 150 terminological dictionaries were published. And between 1991 and 2003 over 100 dictionaries were published. Nevertheless, the following publications are particularly worthy of note:
1. Qazaq tílíníń tüsíndírme sözdígí (Қазақ тілінің түсіндірме сөздігі, the ten-volume Dictionary of the Kazakh Language), published under the direction of A. Iskakov (1974–1986).
2. Qazaq tílíníń frazeologijalyq sözdígí (Қазақ тілінің фразеологиялық сөздігі, Phraseological Dictionary of the Kazakh Language) by I. Kenesbaev (1977).
3. Qazaq-orysša sözdik (Қазақша-орысша сөздік, Russian–Kazakh Dictionary) (1954, 1978, 2003).
4. Qazaq-tílíníń sözdígí (Қазақ тілінің сөздігі, Dictionary of the Kazakh Language), 1999.
Likewise, an important contribution was made by publications such as the Kazakh–Russian Dictionary, Orthographical Dictionary of the Kazakh Language, Orthoepic Dictionary of the Kazakh Language, Dictionary of Synonyms of the Kazakh Language, Orthographical Dictionary, Phraseological Dictionary, Dictionary of Synonyms, Russian–Kazakh Explanatory Economic Dictionary, Dialectological Dictionary, Qazaq esímderí (Қазақ есімдері/Kazakh Names), and the like, published recently.
Regarding dictionaries of technical terminology, in 1957 scientific research institutes began compiling terminological dictionaries in their areas of expertise on the initiative of academician K. Satpaev of the Kazakh SSR Academy of Science.
The following dictionaries were published*:
1. A. Mašanov, Ž. Sydyqov, A. Äbdírahmanov. Geologija terminderíniń orysša-qazaqša qysqaša sözdígí («Геология терминдерінің орысша-қазақша қысқаша сөздігі», Russian–Kazakh Dictionary of Geological Terminology), 10 printed pages.
2. N. Tujakbaev, A. Abdrahmanov. Russian–Kazakh Dictionary of Exploration Drilling.
3. Ö. Žoldasbekov, A. Äbdírahmanov. Orysša-qazaqša mehanizm men mašinalardyń terminologijalyq sözdígí («Орысша-қазақша механизм мен машиналардың терминологиялық сөздігі», Russian–Kazakh Terminological Dictionary of Mechanisms and Machinery), 6 printed pages.
4. D. Seríkbaev, Ö. Žoldasbekov, S. Täžíbaev, A. Äbdírahmanov. Mašina žasau žöníndegí orysša-qazaqša sözdík («Машина жасау жөніндегі орысша-қазақша сөздік», Russian–Kazakh Dictionary of Mechanical Engineering), 9 printed pages.
5. K. Myńbaev, M. Šynybaev, M. Baimírov. Auyl šaruašylyğyn mehanikalandyrudyń orysša-qazaqša sözdígí («Ауыл шаруашылығын механикаландырудың орысша-қазақша сөздігі», Russian–Kazakh Dictionary of Agricultural Mechanization), Qainar publishing house, 15.9 printed pages.
6. A. Äbdírahmanov, B. Manaqbaev. Su tehnikasy terminderíniń orysša-qazaqša sözdígí («Су техникасы терминдерінің орысша-қазақша сөздігі», Russian–Kazakh Dictionary of Hydrotechnical Terminology), 8.3 printed pages.
7. A. Baitoqaeva, A. Smirnova, G. Jashinskiy, A.V. Kim-Belaš. Energetika žäne žalpytehnika mamandyğynyń qysqarğan terminderí sözdígí («Энергетика және жалпытехника мамандығының қысқарған терминдері сөздігі»). Rauan publishing house, 4 printed pages.
8. Gh. Äubäkírov. Önímderdí standarttau men sapasy terminderíniń orysša-qazaqša sözdígí («Өнімдерді стандарттау мен сапасы терминдерінің орысша-қазақша сөздігі»). 16.6 printed pages.
9. A. Äbdírahmanov, M. Žärkenov, M. Nūrpeiísov, M. Toqtamysov. Tau-ken ísí žöníndegí orysša-qazaqša, qazaqša-orysša terminologijalyq sözdik («Тау-кен ісі жөніндегі орысша-қазақша, қазақша-орысша терминологиялық сөздік», Russian–Kazakh, Kazakh–Russian Terminological Dictionary of Mining).
10. Gh. Äubäkírov. Metrologija, standarttau žäne sapany basqaru terminderíníń sözdígí («Метрология, стандарттау және сапаны басқару терминдерінің сөздігі»). 5 printed pages.
11. Ž. Sydyqov. Gidrogeologija men inženerlík geologija žöníndegí orysša-qazaqša žäne qazaqša-orysša terminologijalyq sözdík («Гидрогеология мен инженерлік геология жөніндегі орысша-қазақша және қазақша-орысша терминологиялық сөздік», Russian–Kazakh, Kazakh–Russian Terminological Dictionary of Hydrogeology and Geological Engineering), 7 printed pages.
12. A. Qūsaiynov, Ž. Šotanov. Èlektr tehnikasy žäne ėlektr energetikasy terminderíniń orysša-qazaqša sözdígí («Электр техникасы және электр энергетикасы терминдерінің орысша-қазақша сөздігі», Russian–Kazakh Dictionary of Electrotechnical and Electrical Power Terminology), 5 printed pages.
It should be taken into account that all the foregoing dictionaries were published prior to 1993.
Particularities of formation of technical terms
In the book Pän sözderí, terminologijalyq sözdik («Пән сөздері, терминологиялық сөздік», terminological dictionary), released in Kyzylorda in 1927, words are encountered such as "automobile – aptamabíl" (аптамабіл), "barometer – barometír" (барометíр), "trough – bärenke" (бәренке), "helium – ílí" (ілі), "trapezoid – qostaban" (қостабан), "alkali – síltí" (сілті). During this period, terms, particularly technical terms of foreign origin, were translated, but taking into account the particularities of the Kazakh language; i.e., only taking the word itself as the basis.
In the Terminologijalyq habaršy («Терминологиялық хабаршы», Terminological Herald), first published in 1998 in Astana, there are long-standing and quite successful translations of terms and names confirmed by the State Terminological Commission in 1972–1981 in the sphere of technology, such as "propeller – zyryldauyq" (зырылдауық), "vibration – díríl" (діріл), "viscosity – tūtqyrlyq (тұтқырлық), "dwell – kídírís" (кідіріс), "burner – žanarğy" (жанарғы), "rivet – toitarma" (тойтарма), "gearing – ílínís" (ілініс), "gear-rounding machine – tís žūmyrlağyš stanok" (тіс жұмырлағыш станок), "gear-shaping machine – tís sürleuší stanok" (тіс сүрлеуші станок), "wheel – dońğalaq" (доңғалақ), "lubricator – mai bürkuíš" (май бүркуіш).
Beginning in the nineties, the Terminological Commission confirmed terms for various industries, such as, for example, for agrarian science and metallurgy, general technology, and engineering sciences: "aquatory – aidyn" (айдын), "waste area – üiíndí" (үйінді), "helical motion – bürandaly qozğalys" (бұрандалы қозғалыс), "ditch – nauaša" (науаша), "drive gear – žetek" (жетек), "rim – qūrsau" (құрсау). At the session of the Terminological Commission on June 24, 1998, terms were confirmed which are frequently employed in modern Kazakh, such as "defect – aqau" (ақау) and "cellular phone – ūjaly telefon" (ұялы телефон). Likewise, some quite successful translations may be noted of terms in the geological and mining fields, such as "emerald – zübäržat" (зүбәржат), "flint – šaqpaqtas" (шақпақтас), "heavy concentrate – tüpšaima" (түпшайма), "cross-section – tílímtas" (тілімтас).
Since many specialists are occupied with issues of researching term formation in technical fields (such as Professor Shamshiden Abdraman and others), I think it would be superfluous to dwell on this issue.
In 2001, the Rauan publishing house published a set of Russian–Kazakh and Kazakh–Russian terminological dictionaries in 31 volumes, confirmed by the Terminological Commission, covering 155,000 words, to which leading specialists in various industries contributed. Each of these 31 volumes of the Kazakh–Russian/Russian–Kazakh terminological dictionary comprises 5000 words.
While fully appreciating these efforts, I would nevertheless like to share my thought that it would be a good thing if not only the State Terminological Commission, but also the Government were involved in confirmation of the new terms, confirming the terms by corresponding resolutions. Only then, as it seems to us, will they have legal force.
A website () has likewise been launched, which encompasses spheres such as geological surveying, the oil and gas industry, information technologies, mechanical engineering, construction and architecture, and metallurgy.
In addition, on the website a collective effort has been organized on the part of specialists at an electronic terminology center, the purpose of which to compile a collection of Kazakh terminology. The dictionary complex contains a unified fund of linguistic and specialized dictionaries with dictionary definitions of the words with the help of a language aid, and a fund for describing special terms from scientific and public service fields in a terminological dictionary covering many different fields.
Users also frequently turn to the Russian–Kazakh dictionary at the website. The latter, however, is geared more towards a popular audience.
At present, technical terms in the Kazakh language total 360,000 words.
State policy in the field
According to article I of the law "On Languages in the Republic of Kazakhstan", the terminological commission is a consulting and advisory agency that develops proposals in the context of the Kazakh terminological lexicon in all branches of economics, science, technology, and culture. Likewise, according to article 10 of the law "On Languages in the Republic of Kazakhstan", accounting, statistical, financial, and technical documentation in the system of state agencies and organizations of the Republic of Kazakhstan, regardless of their form of ownership, shall be provided in both the state and the Russian languages. According to article 16 of the law "On Languages in the Republic of Kazakhstan", the Republic of Kazakhstan shall ensure provision of elementary, primary second-level, general second-level, technical and professional, post-secondary, graduate-level, and post-graduate education in the state, Russian, and – where necessary and possible – other languages.
In accordance with resolution No. 1246 of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On the plan for measures in 2009–2010 for realization of the State program of functioning and development of languages in 2001–2010” dated December 24, 2008, it is necessary to arrange measures for work groups in 30 industrial fields to work under the State Terminological Commission.
* The names of the dictionaries appear in the original language, and translations of their meaning are provided in parentheses. If the title appears only in Russian, or only in Kazakh, it has been left as in the original.
Author - Amandyk Amirhamzin.
List of References:
1. Ahmet Baitūrsynov. Aq žol, Almaty, "Žalyn" (Ахмет Байтұрсынов. «Ақ жол», Алматы, «Жалын»), 1991.
2. Audarmašyğa kömekší kūral («Аудармашыға көмекші құрал») Astana, 2000.
3. Qazaq terminologijasy žäne būqaralyq aqparat qūraldary («Қазақ терминологиясы және бұқаралық ақпарат құралдары») Astana, 2003.
4. Memlekíttík tíl: terminologija, ís qağazdary men būqaralyq aqparat kūraldarynyń tílí («Мемлекеттік тіл: терминология, іс қағаздары мен бұқаралық ақпарат құралдарының тілі»), Astana, 1999.
5. Nūrsūltan Nazarbaev, Ūlttyń ūly mūraty žolynda ūiysaiyq. Ana tílí gazetí, No. 23, 2008 žylğy 5 mausym (Нұрсұлтан Назарбаев «Ұлттың ұлы мұраты жолында ұйысайық». «Ана тілі» газеті, № 23, 2008 жылғы 5 маусым).
6. N. Qaratyšqanov, Pän sözder (Н.Қаратышқанов, «Пән сөздер»), Kyzylorda, 1927.
7. «On Languages in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Republic of Kazakhstan Law No. 151 dated July 11, 1997, Journal of the Republic of Kazakhstan Parliament, 1997, No. 13-14, art. 202.
8. «"On the Plan for Measures in 2009-2010 for realization of the State program of functioning and development of languages for 2001-2010", Resolution No. 1246 of the Republic of Kazakhstan Government dated December 24, 2008.
9. Orysša-qazaqša (qyrğyzša) qysqaša sözdík («Орысша-қазақша (қырғызша) қысқаша сөздік», Concise Russian-Kazakh (Kirghiz) Dictionary), Orenburg, 1906.
10. Terminologijalyq žinaq («Терминологиялық жинақ»), Astana, 1998.
11. Tíl sajasaty: tağlym men täžíribe («Тіл саясаты: тағлым мен тәжірибе»), Astana, 2006.
12. Tíl žäne qoğam žurnaly («Тіл және қоғам» журналы), No. 1, 2007
13. Salalyq terminologija: bügíní men bolašağy («Салалық терминология: бүгіні мен болашағы»), Astana, 2003.
14. Šerubai Qūrmanbaiūly, Terminologijalyq ädebeietterdíń bibliografijalyq körsetkíší (Шерубай Құрманбайұлы, «Терминологиялық әдебиеттердің библиографиялық көрсеткіші») – Bibliographical Index of Literature on Terminology, Astana, 2008.
Websites used:
1.
2.
3.
4. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
